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Robust <t>physiological</t> measurements with the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system reveal significant differences between the ketamine and saline dosing sessions. ( a ) The signal from the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system (total photon counts from 850 nm laser averaged over well-coupled prefrontal channels) showed robust heartbeat signals (red) in line with the raw data recorded from an external PPG sensor (blue). Shown is a representative 15 s sample of data. ( b ) PR time-series extracted from the TD-fNIRS system (red) and the PPG device (blue) from a representative subject during the saline dosing session (left) and the ketamine dosing session (right). The time-series were smoothed for visualization purposes. ( c ) (Left) The PR computed from the fNIRS signal was highly correlated with the PPG-based PR (Pearson r = 1.00, p = 1.01 × 10 −69 ; gray dashed line corresponds to the diagonal). (Right) Same as Left but for a representative PRV measure (Pearson r = 0.98, 2.62 × 10 −33 ; SDNN represents the standard deviation of the NN intervals). Note that for this analysis, we made use of all available sessions (both saline/ketamine dosing sessions as well as the baseline runs recorded immediately prior; each dot corresponds to a single recording session). ( d ) Maximum change in PR over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PR increased significantly more during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 5.22 × 10 −3 ). ( e ) PRV over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PRV was significantly lower during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 3.95 × 10 −3 ). Here, PRV is measured by the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), a common measure of PRV.
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Robust physiological measurements with the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system reveal significant differences between the ketamine and saline dosing sessions. ( a ) The signal from the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system (total photon counts from 850 nm laser averaged over well-coupled prefrontal channels) showed robust heartbeat signals (red) in line with the raw data recorded from an external PPG sensor (blue). Shown is a representative 15 s sample of data. ( b ) PR time-series extracted from the TD-fNIRS system (red) and the PPG device (blue) from a representative subject during the saline dosing session (left) and the ketamine dosing session (right). The time-series were smoothed for visualization purposes. ( c ) (Left) The PR computed from the fNIRS signal was highly correlated with the PPG-based PR (Pearson r = 1.00, p = 1.01 × 10 −69 ; gray dashed line corresponds to the diagonal). (Right) Same as Left but for a representative PRV measure (Pearson r = 0.98, 2.62 × 10 −33 ; SDNN represents the standard deviation of the NN intervals). Note that for this analysis, we made use of all available sessions (both saline/ketamine dosing sessions as well as the baseline runs recorded immediately prior; each dot corresponds to a single recording session). ( d ) Maximum change in PR over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PR increased significantly more during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 5.22 × 10 −3 ). ( e ) PRV over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PRV was significantly lower during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 3.95 × 10 −3 ). Here, PRV is measured by the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), a common measure of PRV.

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Measuring acute effects of subanesthetic ketamine on cerebrovascular hemodynamics in humans using TD-fNIRS

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38258-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Robust physiological measurements with the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system reveal significant differences between the ketamine and saline dosing sessions. ( a ) The signal from the Kernel Flow1 TD-fNIRS system (total photon counts from 850 nm laser averaged over well-coupled prefrontal channels) showed robust heartbeat signals (red) in line with the raw data recorded from an external PPG sensor (blue). Shown is a representative 15 s sample of data. ( b ) PR time-series extracted from the TD-fNIRS system (red) and the PPG device (blue) from a representative subject during the saline dosing session (left) and the ketamine dosing session (right). The time-series were smoothed for visualization purposes. ( c ) (Left) The PR computed from the fNIRS signal was highly correlated with the PPG-based PR (Pearson r = 1.00, p = 1.01 × 10 −69 ; gray dashed line corresponds to the diagonal). (Right) Same as Left but for a representative PRV measure (Pearson r = 0.98, 2.62 × 10 −33 ; SDNN represents the standard deviation of the NN intervals). Note that for this analysis, we made use of all available sessions (both saline/ketamine dosing sessions as well as the baseline runs recorded immediately prior; each dot corresponds to a single recording session). ( d ) Maximum change in PR over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PR increased significantly more during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 5.22 × 10 −3 ). ( e ) PRV over the course of the dosing session for all participants–the PRV was significantly lower during the ketamine than the saline dosing session (paired t -test, p = 3.95 × 10 −3 ). Here, PRV is measured by the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), a common measure of PRV.

Article Snippet: Physiological sensors (E4, Empatica, Boston, MA, USA and Lifesense, Nonin, Plymouth, MN, USA) measured respiration rate, SpO 2 , EtCO 2 , PR, and EDA.

Techniques: Saline, Standard Deviation